Friday, June 21, 2013

Scientific Notation

Discussion K3
Lesson: Scientific Notation

This is an important tool used  to manipulate very large and very small numbers, easily; utilizing decimals and exponents. The Scientific Notation rule is to move the number of the negative exponent to the left of the decimal and when the exponent is positive move the decimal  that many times to the right to exact results when solving quadratic equations.
HICAP uses exponents to distinguish which version of 'Discussion K' is being highlighted in coursework.
To find out more about Scientific Notation, simply make a Google Search and a plethora of sites will appear to help you better understand and work solutions.

Monday, April 8, 2013

Oscilloscope

Discussion J3
Lesson: Oscilloscope 

The subject of  Oscilloscope is chosen because is the machinery that demonstrates our prior lesson on Bandwidth and Frequency. The o-scope measures frequency. We've all seen the box that beeps in hospital rooms with the wave form moving across the small screen; this is called a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). The on screen graph has a vertical Y axis, which measures the amplitude; and a horizotal X axis that notes the time it takes to beep again. Thus, the o-scope measures the frequency of the amplitude of a wave over time.
Oscilloscopes are used in the automotive industry for diagnostics, in medicine to display the waveform of a heartbeat as an electrocardiogram. They are, also, used in telecommunications, in the sciences and in engineering. Today's o-scopes are digital (DSO-Digital Storage Oscilloscope). DSOs utilize general purpose digital computers to process and display waveforms at a much lower cost.

Sunday, April 7, 2013

Bandwidth and Frequency

Discussion I3
Lesson: Bandwidth is the Currency of the Internet

Bandwidth Capacity is the peak data bit rate transmission from one point to another in a specified amount of time.
Bandwidth Speed is the rate at which data is manipulated in a computer’s processor.
Broadband is having instantaneous bandwidth greater than 1MHz; supporting data bit rates greater than 1.5 Mbps.
Bandwidth is synonymous with data transfer rate; which means the amount of data that can go from point to point in one second. Data is transferred in bits; ones and zeros. Bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bps). Skype calls throughput is between 24 and 128 bps.
Bandwidth is ususally carried over a succession of links. If one of those links slows the process, it is said to be bottlenecked. Our download speed is determined by bandwidth. Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and the lowest frequency. Frequency is measured in cycles per second; we call that unit measurement Hertz.
Frequency is named for Heinrich Hertz, who gave birth to wireless phenomenon by conclusively demonstrating the existence of electromagnetic wave frequency radio reception
and transmission. Thus, today on our AM and FM radio identify their unique position with amplitude modulation-AM and frequency modulation-FM; which is measured in Hertz-Hz.
6 MHz is the frequency for television and FM radio.
For an indepth understanding of the terms in blue, please Google search.

Thursday, April 4, 2013

HICAP Advance

Advance Discussion A3
In the old days, the Internet was accessed by dialing-up via computer. Now, there are numerous devices, including game consoles, which carry the net. Today, we will concentrate on the telephone. Cellular phones have become the number one way to access the Internet. When advertisers offer the G series cell phone, G does not mean giga; G refers to the successive numeric version.
Sprint, Verizon, Virgin Mobile use CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) designed by Qualcomm, USA. CDMA is wireless interface using spread spectrum where the electromagnetic energy is spread allowing wider bandwidth and multiplexing over the same channel with a shared bandwidth of frequency.
GSM (Global System Mobile) is used by T-Mobile, AT&T and is great in rural areas. GSM originated in 1982 by the European Conference of Postal & Telecommunication (CEPT) is used by 80% of the world; and boasts wider international roaming capacity. Advanced GSM incorporates TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). EDGE (Enhanced Data GMA Evaluation) is designed for streaming television and multimedia.
The iPhone uses VPN (Virtual Private Network). iPhone has excellent tracking application to find your mislaid or pilfered phone.

Monday, April 1, 2013

Qubits

Discussion H3
Lesson: Qubits

Stated in Discussion: Intro A3:
A bit is either in the zero position or the one position. Bits are the intellectual life-blood of computing. The physical nature of Qubits goes beyond just one and zero. In Quantum Physics the Theory of Entanglement states that one particle can exist in two separate and distant places at the same time. Its application in Quantum Computing is that when both the zero and the one are active at the same time, in separate and distant places, they are called Qubits. Qubits have the potential of exponentially increasing the power of computing. This research when born into fruition is a quantum leap forward in computing.
For a deeper understanding, please go to our previous hicapv blog from August 23, 2012 entitled: Quantum Computing Qubits-Revisited

Thursday, January 24, 2013

LED - Light Emitting Diodes

Discussion G3
Lesson: Light Emitting Diodes
LED with electroluminescence are semiconductor components encased in an epoxy lens in a circuit that produce light. Anvil and post are positive and negative, respectively. When forward biased switched-on, electrons recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. These components are utilized in computers as indicators. LEDs are bright with a frequency range from ultraviolet through infrared. LEDs have an exponentially longer life than incandescent bulbs and consume much less energy.
Check out the infinite uses of LED technology.

ASCII

Discussion F3
Lesson: ASCII Code
ASCII Code is a universal standard utilized in computing. The acronym ASCII means American Standard Code for Information Interchange. When you press a keyboard key, an interrupt signal is sent to the computer’s processor, which prioritizes your action and memorizes the sequence of each keystroke as a preference. The position of alphanumeric characters is predetermined by ASCII. With each keystroke a byte of memory is devoured.  (Count eight bits [0,1] to a byte.) When you type ‘shift A’, it translates to 01000001 and ‘lowercase a’ is 0110001. These zero and one sequences are the way your computer understands your preferences.
Please Google: ASCII to view the ASCII table which includes binary and hexadecimal translations for each keyboard key.